Table of Contents

Preface

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1 Drawing Notation and Default Tolerances

1.1 Background

1.2 Differences between ISO and US Standards

1.3 Overview of Coded Notation

1.4 Fundamental Information

1.5 Table and Drawing Field

1.6 Indications on Drawings

1.7 Subassemblies

1.8 Non-Toleranced Data (Default Tolerances)

1.9 Discussion of Other Standards in Use

     1.9.1 MIL-STD-34

     1.9.2 ASME/ANSI Y14.18M

1.10 Drawing Example

References

Chapter 2 Optical Materials

2.1 Background

2.2 Finished Part versus Raw Material

2.3 Overview of Material Properties

     2.3.1 Refractive index

     2.3.2 Stress birefringence

     2.3.3 Bubbles and inclusions

     2.3.4 Homogeneity

     2.3.5 Striae

2.4 Indications on Drawings

     2.4.1 Material property notation

     2.4.2 Stress birefringence

     2.4.3 Bubbles and inclusions

     2.4.4 Homogeneity and striae

     2.4.5 Material tolerance notation on ISO 10110 drawings

2.5 Infrared versus Visible Materials

2.6 Drawing Example

     2.6.1 Material property notation

     2.6.2 Stress birefringence

     2.6.3 Bubbles and inclusions

     2.6.4 Homogeneity and striae

References

Chapter 3 Surface Figure and Form

3.1 Background

3.2 Units

3.3 Indications on Drawings

     3.3.1 General quantifiers

     3.3.2 RMS quantifiers

     3.3.3 Peak-to-valley quantifiers

     3.3.4 Slope quantifiers

     3.3.5 Zernike coefficient quantifiers

     3.3.6 Table notation

3.4 Surface Figure

3.5 Zernike

3.6 Component or System Wavefront

3.7 Drawing Example

References

Chapter 4 Surface Texture: Roughness and Waviness

4.1 Background

     4.1.1 The language of roughness

     4.1.2 Form, waviness, and roughness

     4.1.3 Origin of roughness symbols in ISO 10110

4.2 Indications on Drawings

     4.2.1 Polish grades

     4.2.2 Band-limited RMS roughness and waviness notations

     4.2.3 Slope tolerance notations

     4.2.4 Power spectral density notations

     4.2.5 Areal versions of roughness and waviness specifications

     4.2.6 Table notation

     4.2.7 Differences in slope using Part 5 and Part 8

4.3 Meaningful Surface Texture Specifications

     4.3.1 Spatial bands and RMS calculations

     4.3.2 Meaningful roughness and waviness specifications

     4.3.3 Considerations when choosing a spatial band

4.4 Drawing Example

References

Chapter 5 Surface Imperfection Tolerances

5.1 Background

5.2 Indications on Drawings

     5.2.1 Dimensional method drawing notation and interpretation

     5.2.2 Visibility method drawing notation and interpretation

5.3 Meaningful Surface Imperfection Specifications

     5.3.1 Cosmetic blemishes

     5.3.2 Scatter and diffraction effects

5.4 Inspection for Surface Imperfections

     5.4.1 Test method

     5.4.2 Inspecting to the dimensional method

     5.4.3 Inspecting to the visibility method

5.5 Drawing Example

References

Chapter 6 Laser Damage

6.1 Background

     6.1.1 A word of caution

6.2 Units

6.3 Indications on Drawings

6.4 Test Methods

6.5 Drawing Example

References

Chapter 7 Surface Treatment and Coating

7.1 Background

7.2 Types of Optical Coatings

     7.2.1 Reflective

     7.2.2 Antireflective

     7.2.3 Absorbing filters

     7.2.4 Attenuator

     7.2.5 Beamsplitter

     7.2.6 Bandpass and band rejection filters

     7.2.7 Long and short pass filters

     7.2.8 Polarizer

     7.2.9 Phase changing

     7.2.10 Laser optic

7.3 Indications on Drawings

7.4 Standard Coatings

7.5 Surface Treatments

7.6 Testing and Durability

     7.6.1 Durability testing indications on drawings

     7.6.2 Environmental changes

     7.6.3 Adhesion and abrasion test methods

7.7 Drawing Example

References

Chapter 8 Centering and Tilt Tolerances

8.1 Background

8.2 Datum Definitions

     8.2.1 Datum notation

     8.2.2 Datum construction

8.3 Coordinate Systems

8.4 Aspheric and Freeform Element Centration Factors

8.5 Indications on Drawings

     8.5.1 Datum axis

     8.5.2 Datum point

     8.5.3 Optical centering tolerance

     8.5.4 Nonoptical centering tolerance

8.6 Explicit versus Implicit Indication Examples

8.7 Fabrication Explanation

8.8 Drawing Example

References

Chapter 9 Nonspherical Surfaces

9.1 Background

9.2 Using ISO Standards for Nonspherical Profile Surfaces

9.3 Defining Nominal Surfaces with ISO 10110

     9.3.1 Equations for rotationally invariant aspheric surfaces in ISO 10110-12

     9.3.2 Formulas for rotationally variant aspheric surfaces in ISO 10110-12

     9.3.3 General surfaces in ISO 10110-19

9.4 Indications on Drawings

     9.4.1 Per ISO 10110-12

     9.4.2 Per ISO 10110-19

9.5 Drawing Examples

References

Chapter 10 System Evaluation

10.1 Background

10.2 Table of Generally Useful System Performance Standards

10.3 Selection of Specific System-Performance Metrics

     10.3.1 Finding an appropriate standard

     10.3.2 Wavefront error

     10.3.3 Resolution

     10.3.4 Distortion

     10.3.5 Transmittance

     10.3.6 Stray light

     10.3.7 Relative illumination

10.4 Indications

References

Chapter 11 Environmental Testing

11.1 Background

11.2 Testing Sequence and Evaluation

11.3 Indications

11.4 Overview of Environments

11.5 Test Methods

     11.5.1 Temperature and humidity

     11.5.2 Mechanical stress

     11.5.3 Atmospheric pressure and immersion

     11.5.4 Rain

     11.5.5 Dew, hoarfrost, and ice

     11.5.6 Salt mist

     11.5.7 Dust

     11.5.8 Acid atmosphere

     11.5.9 Solar weathering

     11.5.10 Mold

     11.5.11 Contamination

     11.5.12 Combined environments

11.6 Testing Equipment

11.7 Notation of Environmental Test Parameters

References

Chapter 12 Standards in Practice

12.1 System Parameters

12.2 Optical Design and Tolerance Analysis

     12.2.1 Optical design

     12.2.2 Optical tolerances

12.3 Optical Element Drawings

     12.3.1 Doublet optical element

     12.3.2 Aspheric optical element

     12.3.3 Spherical optical element

12.4 Optical Assembly Drawing

12.5 Expected Deliverable

     12.5.1 Transmitted wavefront test report

     12.5.2 Optical system transmittance test report

     12.5.3 Environmental test report

References

Epilogue: The Path Forward

Index

Preface

The purpose of this book is to provide optical engineers, fabricators, and all parties in between a better understanding of the ISO 10110 drawing standard, and how to use the standard to create modern optical drawings. The authors presume that the reader has access to all parts of ISO 10110 and associated standards, and at least a basic familiarity with optics component technical drawings.

The world of standards is very small, and volunteer-based. Those who work on these committees are trying to do the right thing for our industry. Those few people are willing to take the time to draft, edit, and review these standards. Most of the time the result of their efforts is the result of compromise, and often it is far from perfect. Pursuit of an international standard that reflects the diversity of opinions, applications, and needs of the community comes at a price.

The first version of ISO 10110 was published in 1995 and has been the subject of multiple revisions, additions, and subtractions over the past 25 years. Today, there are twelve parts; 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 17, 18, and 19. Because of this international effort over the past fifteen years, the ISO 10110 drawing standards have become a truly international standard reflecting the needs of the global optics community. It is vastly better today than in 1995 or 2005, and much more in harmony with US industry.

Even so, the standards can be difficult to read, more complex than we would like, and sometimes seem unfamiliar and unfriendly. We have written this book as a friendly guide to unfamiliar language, symbols, and a way of thinking about optics tolerances and specifications. However, the book is meant as a guide - not a replacement - for reading the standards themselves.

Additionally, there are a half-dozen other standards that are essential to using ISO 10110, and even more that can be used to make ISO 10110 more effective.As a result, this book is structured in chapters by subject, rather than by part of 10110, with related standards grouped within a chapter. Many practical examples are provided with a view toward a complete adoption of the methodology of standardized optics drawings including the drawing notation standards; and the metrology, environmental, and system performance test standards. It is the authors' hope that the book is readable enough to be read and understood by the uninitiated, and that the book serves as a useful reference or guide to users of the standard as they navigate the details of full implementation.

Eric Herman
David Aikens
Richard N. Youngworth
September 2021